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William Blake (1757-1827)was born in Westminster and by the age of 14 he worked as an apprentice to an engraver called James Basire.

Judy Brady

  Judy Brady's purpose of the essay, "I Want a Wife",  is to show women how men think, act, and feel. She being a feminist wants to show how men truly think of woman, that when they get what they want men set women aside for bigger and better things. Not only that but she wants to let the world know that she is fed up with everything that she is doing and wants to switch roles where she is the husband. Brady wants to have the satisfaction of not having to do those household things. Brady writes this essay in the 1st person,  She is writing as the man who wants a wife. She makes a list of the responsibilities that a typical woman from the 1970's would have. The tone of the essay isn't clear cut, but she is calm but clearly acting out about how men are and that they are evil and are two-faced. Her message was clear. She wanted women to know how men truly are. That they shouldn't believe anything that men say because it's not what they truly feel or want. That in the end no matter what women go through with men that they will get tossed aside like garbage.

  I believe that in the essay "I Want a Wife", Brady effectively showed that her message was women are under appreciated and that she is fed up with it. That men take wives for granted. "If by chance I find more suitable as a wife than the wife i already have, I want the liberty to replace my current wife with a new one." That is a pretty clear cut message of how Brady portrays what Husbands do. At that time I think that the piece was worth saying, she is a wife and wants to show other wives that they aren't the only ones fed up with the system of marriage. "I belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am a wife. And, not altogether incidentally I am a mother." I think she just wants people to know that she wants to reverse roles for a bit. I don't think today that all of it would be the case, yes there are wives that are still in this role. But in other cases a lot of wives are the ones bringing home the bacon and the husbands stay at home and take care of the kids, cook, clean and other things of that nature.

Adapted from internet
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Prescribed Unit for 2nd semseter BCA,BBA,Bsc

EDWARD VERRALL LUCAS


The writer had heard a lot about Miss Beam’s school. But he had never visited it. One day he got the opportunity to visit it. On entering the campus he saw no one except a girl of twelve. Her eyes were covered with a bandage. A little boy of about eight was guiding her between the flower beds in the garden. The girl stooped. She evidently asked here guide about the writer. The boy seemed to describe the writer to her. Then they passed on. The writer went into the building and met Miss Beam the head of the school.

Miss beam was middle aged, authoritative, kindly and understanding. Her hair and started turning grey. She was a mother figure for the young boys and girls in the school. The writer asked Miss Beam some questions about her scholastic methods. Miss Beam said that there was not much scholastic education. The boys were taught spelling, adding, subtracting, multiplying and writing only. The rest was done by reading to them and by lectures. During these the students had to sit still and quite.

The writer asked Miss Beam about the originality of her system; Miss Beam said that the real aim of the school was not to instill thoughts thoughtfulness. The real aim was to instill humanity and citizenship. Miss Beam was happy that some parents trusted her to try and put her ideal into execution. They sent their sons and daughter to her school. Miss Beam asked the writer to look out of the window. He saw some beautiful grounds and many jolly children; He was pained to find that all the children were not healthy and active. He told Miss Beam about the girl with her eyes bandaged whom he saw as he came in. Looking out of the window now he saw two more with their eyes bandaged. He also saw a little girl with a crutch. She seemed to be a cripple.

Miss Beam laughed and said that she was not really lame. Those with eyes covered in bandages were not really blind, the one with a crutch and her lame day. The others were having their blind day. That was an essential part of her system. Participation in misfortune enabled the young boys and girls properly understand and appreciate the misfortune of others. In course of the term every students had a blinds day a lame day one maimed day and one dumb day. On the blind day their eyes are bandaged. The bandaged is put on overnight. They wake blind. Other children are advised to help them and lead them about. It is educative to both the blind and their helpers.

There was no privation about it. Everyone was very kind. Before the day was over the student could very well known the reality on the miseries. The blind day was the worst. Some children complained that the dumb day was the most dreadful. The mouth was not bandages. The child had to exercise will-power only. Miss Beam took the writer to a bandages girl in the garden. She introduced the writer to the girl and left the place.

The writer asked the girl if she ever tried to peep. The girl said that peeping would be cheating. She had no idea that it was so horrible to be blind. A blind man could not see anything. He always feared to be hit by something every moment. Her guides were very good to her. Those who had been blind at ready were the best. She would be more careful she would play the guide.

The writer asked her if he could lead her some where. The girl said that they should go far a little walk. She said that was the worst day for her. She would be glad when the day was over. The other bad days were not even half bad as the blind day. On the lame day a leg was tied up. One hoped about on a crutch. It was almost fun. On the maimed day an arm was tied up. It was not as awful as the blind day. She would not mind being dumb or deaf for a day. Being blind was very frightening. Her head always ached from dodging things.

She asked the writer where they were then. The writer said that they were in the playground, going towards the house. He could see Miss Beam walking up the down the terrace with a tall girl. The tall girl had worn a blue woolen shirt and a pink blouse. The first girl said that she might be Millie and asked about the color of her hair. The writer said that her hair had alight color. The former girl said that she was Millie, the head girl. The writer then said about an old man lying up roses. The girl said that he was Peter, the gardener. The writer described a dark girl in red, walking on crutches. The girl said that she was beryl.

Steering the girl about the writer discovered that he had become much more thoughtful than before. He also discovered that the necessity of describing the surroundings to another made them more interesting. The writer’s visits to the school come to its end. Miss Beam came to see him off. The writer told her that he felt sorry to leave the place. Miss Beam felt happy about it. She said that there was something in her system.

adapted from internet
prescribed unit for kannur university 1 year 2 nd semester.
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A number can be represented with different base values. We are familiar with the
numbers in the base 10 (known as decimal numbers), with digits taking values
0,1,2,…,8,9.

A computer uses a Binary number system which has a base 2 and digits can have only
TWO values: 0 and 1.

A decimal number with a few digits can be expressed in binary form using a large
number of digits. Thus the number 65 can be expressed in binary form as 1000001.

The binary form can be expressed more compactly by grouping 3 binary digits together to
form an octal number. An octal number with base 8 makes use of the EIGHT digits
0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7.

A more compact representation is used by Hexadecimal representation which groups 4
binary digits together. It can make use of 16 digits, but since we have only 10 digits, the
remaining 6 digits are made up of first 6 letters of the alphabet. Thus the hexadecimal
base uses 0,1,2,….8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F as digits.


To summarize

Decimal : base 10 
Binary : base 2 
Octal: base 8 
Hexadecimal : base 16 



 Conversion of binary to decimal ( base 2 to base 10)
 Each position of binary digit can be replaced by an equivalent power of 2 as shown
below.

Thus to convert any binary number replace each binary digit (bit) with its power and add
up.
Example: convert (1011)2 to its decimal equivalent
Represent the weight of each digit in the given number using the above table.

2n-1 2n-2 …… …… 23
 22
 21
 20
 1 0 1 1

Now add up all the powers after multiplying by the digit values, 0 or 1
(1011)2
= 23
 x 1 + 22
 x 0 + 21
 x 1 + 20
 x 1
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 11
Example2: convert (1000100)2 to its decimal equivalent
 = 26
 x 1 + 25
 x 0 +24
 x 0+ 23
 x 0 + 22
 x 1 + 21
 x 0 + 20
 x 0
 = 64 + 0 + 0+ 0 + 4 + 0 + 0

 = (68)10

Conversion of decimal to binary ( base 10 to base 2) 
Here we keep on dividing the number by 2 recursively till it reduces to zero. Then we
print the remainders in reverse order.

Example: convert (68)10 to binary
68/2 = 34 remainder is 0
 34/ 2 = 17 remainder is 0
 17 / 2 = 8 remainder is 1
 8 / 2 = 4 remainder is 0
 4 / 2 = 2 remainder is 0
 2 / 2 = 1 remainder is 0
 1 / 2 = 0 remainder is 1
We stop here as the number has been reduced to zero and collect the remainders in
reverse order.
Answer = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
 Note: the answer is read from bottom (MSB, most significant bit) to top (LSB
least significant bit) as (1000100)2 .
You should be able to write a recursive function to convert a binary integer into its
decimal equivalent.

 Conversion of binary fraction to decimal fraction 
In a binary fraction, the position of each digit(bit) indicates its relative weight as was the
case with the integer part, except the weights to in the reverse direction. Thus after the
decimal point, the first digit (bit) has a weight of ½ , the next one has a weight of ¼ ,
followed by 1/8 and so on.

20 . 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 … .... …
 . 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

The decimal equivalent of this binary number 0.1011 can be worked out by considering
the weight of each bit. Thus in this case it turns out to be
(1/2) x 1 + (1/4) x 0 + (1/8) x 1 + (1/16) x 1.

Conversion of decimal fraction to binary fraction 
To convert a decimal fraction to its binary fraction, multiplication by 2 is carried out
repetitively and the integer part of the result is saved and placed after the decimal point.
The fractional part is taken and multiplied by 2. The process can be stopped any time
after the desired accuracy has been achieved.

 Example: convert ( 0.68)10 to binary fraction.

0.68 * 2 = 1.36 integer part is 1
Take the fractional part and continue the process
0.36 * 2 = 0.72 integer part is 0
0.72 * 2 = 1.44 integer part is 1
0.44 * 2 = 0.88 integer part is 0

The digits are placed in the order in which they are generated, and not in the reverse
order. Let us say we need the accuracy up to 4 decimal places. Here is the result.
 Answer = 0. 1 0 1 0…..

Example: convert ( 70.68)10 to binary equivalent.
First convert 70 into its binary form which is 1000110. Then convert 0.68 into binary
form upto 4 decimal places to get 0.1010. Now put the two parts together.

 Answer = 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 . 1 0 1 0….

Octal Number System 

•Base or radix 8 number system.

•1 octal digit is equivalent to 3 bits.

•Octal numbers are 0 to7. (see the chart down below)

•Numbers are expressed as powers of 8. See this table

8n-1 8n-2 …… …… 83
 82
 81
 80
 6 3 2

 

Conversion of octal to decimal 
( base 8 to base 10) 
Example: convert (632)8 to decimal
 = (6 x 82) + (3 x 81) + (2 x 80)

 = (6 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (2 x 1)

 = 384 + 24 + 2

 = (410)10


Conversion of decimal to octal ( base 10 to base 8) 
Example: convert (177)10 to octal equivalent
 177 / 8 = 22 remainder is 1
 22 / 8 = 2 remainder is 6
 2 / 8 = 0 remainder is 2

 Answer = 2 6 1

Note: the answer is read from bottom to top as (261)8, the same as with the binary case.


Conversion of decimal fraction to octal fraction is carried out in the same manner as
decimal to binary except that now the multiplication is carried out by 8.

Example: convert (0.523)10 to octal equivalent up to 3 decimal places
 0.523 x 8 = 4.184 ,its integer part is 4
 0.184 x 8 = 1.472, its integer part is 1
 0.472 x 8 = 3.776 , its integer part is 3

So the answer is (0.413..)8

Conversion of decimal to binary (using octal) 
When the numbers are large, conversion to binary would take a large number of division
by 2. It can be simplified by first converting the number to octal and then converting each
octal into its binary form:
Example: convert (177)10 to its binary equivalent using octal form
Step 1: convert it to the octal form first as shown above
 This yields (2 6 1)8
Step 2: Now convert each octal code into its 3 bit binary form, thus 2 is replaced by 010,
6 is replaced by 110 and 1 is replaced by 001. The binary equivalent is
( 010 110 001)2

Example: convert (177.523)10 to its binary equivalent up to 6 decimal places using octal
form.
Step 1: convert 177 to its octal form first, to get (2 6 1)8 and then convert that to the
 binary form as shown above, which is ( 010 110 001)2
Step 2: convert 0.523 to its octal form which is (0.413..)8
Step 3: convert this into the binary form, digit by digit. This yields (0.100 001 011…)
Step 4: Now put it all together
 ( 010 110 001 . 100 001 011…)2

Conversion of binary to decimal (using octal) 
First convert the binary number into its octal form. Conversion of binary numbers to octal
simply requires grouping bits in the binary number into groups of three bits


•Groups are formed beginning with the Least Significant Bit and progressing to the MSB.
Start from right hand side and proceed to left. If the left most group contains only a
single digit or a double digit, add zeroes to make it 3 digits.

•Thus
11 100 1112
= 011 100 1112
= 3 4 78
And
 1 100 010 101 010 010 0012
= 001 100 010 101 010 010 0012
= 14252218

Now it can be converted into the decimal form.


Hexadecimal Number System 

•Base or radix 16 number system.

•1 hex digit is equivalent to 4 bits.

•Numbers are 0,1,2…..8,9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

 B is 11, E is 14

•Numbers are expressed as powers of 16.

•160 = 1, 161 = 16, 162 = 256, 163 = 4096, 164 = 65536, …


Conversion of hex to decimal ( base 16 to base 10) 

Example: convert (F4C)16 to decimal

 = (F x 162) + (4 x 161) + (C x 160)

 = (15 x 256) + (4 x 16) + (12 x 1)


Conversion of decimal to hex ( base 10 to base 16) 

Example: convert (4768)10 to hex.

 = 4768 / 16 = 298 remainder 0
 = 298 / 16 = 18 remainder 10 (A)

 = 18 / 16 = 1 remainder 2

 = 1 / 16 = 0 remainder 1

 Answer: 1 2 A 0

Note: the answer is read from bottom to top , same as with the binary case.

 = 3840 + 64 + 12 + 0
 = (3916)10

Conversion of binary to hex 

•Conversion of binary numbers to hex simply requires grouping bits in the binary
numbers into groups of four bits.

•Groups are formed beginning with the LSB and progressing to the MSB.


•1110 01112 = E716

•1 1000 1010 1000 01112
= 0001 1000 1010 1000 01112
= 1 8 A 8 716

Taken from Digital systems for Kannur University BCA 1year 2nd Semester.
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